\(\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt [6]{c+d x}} \, dx\) [1751]

Optimal result

Integrand size = 19, antiderivative size = 780 \[ \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt [6]{c+d x}} \, dx=-\frac {3 \left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt [6]{c+d x}}{b^{2/3} \left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )}-\frac {3 \sqrt [4]{3} \sqrt [3]{b c-a d} \sqrt [6]{c+d x} \left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {(b c-a d)^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{b c-a d} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}+b^{2/3} (c+d x)^{2/3}}{\left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )^2}} E\left (\arccos \left (\frac {\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1-\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}}{\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}}\right )|\frac {1}{4} \left (2+\sqrt {3}\right )\right )}{b^{2/3} d \sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt {-\frac {\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x} \left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )}{\left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )^2}}}-\frac {3^{3/4} \left (1-\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b c-a d} \sqrt [6]{c+d x} \left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {(b c-a d)^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{b c-a d} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}+b^{2/3} (c+d x)^{2/3}}{\left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )^2}} \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (\arccos \left (\frac {\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1-\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}}{\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}}\right ),\frac {1}{4} \left (2+\sqrt {3}\right )\right )}{2 b^{2/3} d \sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt {-\frac {\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x} \left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )}{\left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )^2}}} \]

[Out]

-3*(d*x+c)^(1/6)*(1+3^(1/2))*(b*x+a)^(1/2)/b^(2/3)/((-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3)*(1+3^(1/2)))-3*3^(1
/4)*(-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/6)*((-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3))*(((-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)
^(1/3)*(1-3^(1/2)))^2/((-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3)*(1+3^(1/2)))^2)^(1/2)/((-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)-b^(1/3)*
(d*x+c)^(1/3)*(1-3^(1/2)))*((-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3)*(1+3^(1/2)))*EllipticE((1-((-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)
-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3)*(1-3^(1/2)))^2/((-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3)*(1+3^(1/2)))^2)^(1/2),1/4*6^(1/2
)+1/4*2^(1/2))*(((-a*d+b*c)^(2/3)+b^(1/3)*(-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3)+b^(2/3)*(d*x+c)^(2/3))/((-a*d+b*c)^(1
/3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3)*(1+3^(1/2)))^2)^(1/2)/b^(2/3)/d/(b*x+a)^(1/2)/(-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3)*((-a*d+b*c)^(1
/3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3))/((-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3)*(1+3^(1/2)))^2)^(1/2)-1/2*3^(3/4)*(-a*d+b*c
)^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/6)*((-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3))*(((-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3)*(1-3^(
1/2)))^2/((-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3)*(1+3^(1/2)))^2)^(1/2)/((-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3)
*(1-3^(1/2)))*((-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3)*(1+3^(1/2)))*EllipticF((1-((-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x
+c)^(1/3)*(1-3^(1/2)))^2/((-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3)*(1+3^(1/2)))^2)^(1/2),1/4*6^(1/2)+1/4*2^(1/2)
)*(1-3^(1/2))*(((-a*d+b*c)^(2/3)+b^(1/3)*(-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3)+b^(2/3)*(d*x+c)^(2/3))/((-a*d+b*c)^(1/
3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3)*(1+3^(1/2)))^2)^(1/2)/b^(2/3)/d/(b*x+a)^(1/2)/(-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3)*((-a*d+b*c)^(1/
3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3))/((-a*d+b*c)^(1/3)-b^(1/3)*(d*x+c)^(1/3)*(1+3^(1/2)))^2)^(1/2)

Rubi [A] (verified)

Time = 0.43 (sec) , antiderivative size = 780, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 4, number of rules used = 4, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.211, Rules used = {65, 314, 231, 1895} \[ \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt [6]{c+d x}} \, dx=-\frac {3^{3/4} \left (1-\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [6]{c+d x} \sqrt [3]{b c-a d} \left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x} \sqrt [3]{b c-a d}+(b c-a d)^{2/3}+b^{2/3} (c+d x)^{2/3}}{\left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )^2}} \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (\arccos \left (\frac {\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1-\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}}{\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}}\right ),\frac {1}{4} \left (2+\sqrt {3}\right )\right )}{2 b^{2/3} d \sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt {-\frac {\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x} \left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )}{\left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )^2}}}-\frac {3 \sqrt [4]{3} \sqrt [6]{c+d x} \sqrt [3]{b c-a d} \left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x} \sqrt [3]{b c-a d}+(b c-a d)^{2/3}+b^{2/3} (c+d x)^{2/3}}{\left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )^2}} E\left (\arccos \left (\frac {\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1-\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}}{\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}}\right )|\frac {1}{4} \left (2+\sqrt {3}\right )\right )}{b^{2/3} d \sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt {-\frac {\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x} \left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )}{\left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )^2}}}-\frac {3 \left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt [6]{c+d x}}{b^{2/3} \left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )} \]

[In]

Int[1/(Sqrt[a + b*x]*(c + d*x)^(1/6)),x]

[Out]

(-3*(1 + Sqrt[3])*Sqrt[a + b*x]*(c + d*x)^(1/6))/(b^(2/3)*((b*c - a*d)^(1/3) - (1 + Sqrt[3])*b^(1/3)*(c + d*x)
^(1/3))) - (3*3^(1/4)*(b*c - a*d)^(1/3)*(c + d*x)^(1/6)*((b*c - a*d)^(1/3) - b^(1/3)*(c + d*x)^(1/3))*Sqrt[((b
*c - a*d)^(2/3) + b^(1/3)*(b*c - a*d)^(1/3)*(c + d*x)^(1/3) + b^(2/3)*(c + d*x)^(2/3))/((b*c - a*d)^(1/3) - (1
+ Sqrt[3])*b^(1/3)*(c + d*x)^(1/3))^2]*EllipticE[ArcCos[((b*c - a*d)^(1/3) - (1 - Sqrt[3])*b^(1/3)*(c + d*x)^
(1/3))/((b*c - a*d)^(1/3) - (1 + Sqrt[3])*b^(1/3)*(c + d*x)^(1/3))], (2 + Sqrt[3])/4])/(b^(2/3)*d*Sqrt[a + b*x
]*Sqrt[-((b^(1/3)*(c + d*x)^(1/3)*((b*c - a*d)^(1/3) - b^(1/3)*(c + d*x)^(1/3)))/((b*c - a*d)^(1/3) - (1 + Sqr
t[3])*b^(1/3)*(c + d*x)^(1/3))^2)]) - (3^(3/4)*(1 - Sqrt[3])*(b*c - a*d)^(1/3)*(c + d*x)^(1/6)*((b*c - a*d)^(1
/3) - b^(1/3)*(c + d*x)^(1/3))*Sqrt[((b*c - a*d)^(2/3) + b^(1/3)*(b*c - a*d)^(1/3)*(c + d*x)^(1/3) + b^(2/3)*(
c + d*x)^(2/3))/((b*c - a*d)^(1/3) - (1 + Sqrt[3])*b^(1/3)*(c + d*x)^(1/3))^2]*EllipticF[ArcCos[((b*c - a*d)^(
1/3) - (1 - Sqrt[3])*b^(1/3)*(c + d*x)^(1/3))/((b*c - a*d)^(1/3) - (1 + Sqrt[3])*b^(1/3)*(c + d*x)^(1/3))], (2
+ Sqrt[3])/4])/(2*b^(2/3)*d*Sqrt[a + b*x]*Sqrt[-((b^(1/3)*(c + d*x)^(1/3)*((b*c - a*d)^(1/3) - b^(1/3)*(c + d
*x)^(1/3)))/((b*c - a*d)^(1/3) - (1 + Sqrt[3])*b^(1/3)*(c + d*x)^(1/3))^2)])

Rule 65

Int[((a_.) + (b_.)*(x_))^(m_)*((c_.) + (d_.)*(x_))^(n_), x_Symbol] :> With[{p = Denominator[m]}, Dist[p/b, Sub
st[Int[x^(p*(m + 1) - 1)*(c - a*(d/b) + d*(x^p/b))^n, x], x, (a + b*x)^(1/p)], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d}, x] &
& NeQ[b*c - a*d, 0] && LtQ[-1, m, 0] && LeQ[-1, n, 0] && LeQ[Denominator[n], Denominator[m]] && IntLinearQ[a,
b, c, d, m, n, x]

Rule 231

Int[1/Sqrt[(a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^6], x_Symbol] :> With[{r = Numer[Rt[b/a, 3]], s = Denom[Rt[b/a, 3]]}, Simp[x*(s +
r*x^2)*(Sqrt[(s^2 - r*s*x^2 + r^2*x^4)/(s + (1 + Sqrt[3])*r*x^2)^2]/(2*3^(1/4)*s*Sqrt[a + b*x^6]*Sqrt[r*x^2*(
(s + r*x^2)/(s + (1 + Sqrt[3])*r*x^2)^2)]))*EllipticF[ArcCos[(s + (1 - Sqrt[3])*r*x^2)/(s + (1 + Sqrt[3])*r*x^
2)], (2 + Sqrt[3])/4], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x]

Rule 314

Int[(x_)^4/Sqrt[(a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^6], x_Symbol] :> With[{r = Numer[Rt[b/a, 3]], s = Denom[Rt[b/a, 3]]}, Dist[(
Sqrt[3] - 1)*(s^2/(2*r^2)), Int[1/Sqrt[a + b*x^6], x], x] - Dist[1/(2*r^2), Int[((Sqrt[3] - 1)*s^2 - 2*r^2*x^4
)/Sqrt[a + b*x^6], x], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x]

Rule 1895

Int[((c_) + (d_.)*(x_)^4)/Sqrt[(a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^6], x_Symbol] :> With[{r = Numer[Rt[b/a, 3]], s = Denom[Rt[b/
a, 3]]}, Simp[(1 + Sqrt[3])*d*s^3*x*(Sqrt[a + b*x^6]/(2*a*r^2*(s + (1 + Sqrt[3])*r*x^2))), x] - Simp[3^(1/4)*d
*s*x*(s + r*x^2)*(Sqrt[(s^2 - r*s*x^2 + r^2*x^4)/(s + (1 + Sqrt[3])*r*x^2)^2]/(2*r^2*Sqrt[(r*x^2*(s + r*x^2))/
(s + (1 + Sqrt[3])*r*x^2)^2]*Sqrt[a + b*x^6]))*EllipticE[ArcCos[(s + (1 - Sqrt[3])*r*x^2)/(s + (1 + Sqrt[3])*r
*x^2)], (2 + Sqrt[3])/4], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d}, x] && EqQ[2*Rt[b/a, 3]^2*c - (1 - Sqrt[3])*d, 0]

Rubi steps \begin{align*} \text {integral}& = \frac {6 \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {x^4}{\sqrt {a-\frac {b c}{d}+\frac {b x^6}{d}}} \, dx,x,\sqrt [6]{c+d x}\right )}{d} \\ & = -\frac {3 \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {\left (-1+\sqrt {3}\right ) (b c-a d)^{2/3}-2 b^{2/3} x^4}{\sqrt {a-\frac {b c}{d}+\frac {b x^6}{d}}} \, dx,x,\sqrt [6]{c+d x}\right )}{b^{2/3} d}-\frac {\left (3 \left (1-\sqrt {3}\right ) (b c-a d)^{2/3}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a-\frac {b c}{d}+\frac {b x^6}{d}}} \, dx,x,\sqrt [6]{c+d x}\right )}{b^{2/3} d} \\ & = -\frac {3 \left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt [6]{c+d x}}{b^{2/3} \left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )}-\frac {3 \sqrt [4]{3} \sqrt [3]{b c-a d} \sqrt [6]{c+d x} \left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {(b c-a d)^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{b c-a d} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}+b^{2/3} (c+d x)^{2/3}}{\left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )^2}} E\left (\cos ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1-\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}}{\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}}\right )|\frac {1}{4} \left (2+\sqrt {3}\right )\right )}{b^{2/3} d \sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt {-\frac {\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x} \left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )}{\left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )^2}}}-\frac {3^{3/4} \left (1-\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b c-a d} \sqrt [6]{c+d x} \left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {(b c-a d)^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{b c-a d} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}+b^{2/3} (c+d x)^{2/3}}{\left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )^2}} F\left (\cos ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1-\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}}{\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}}\right )|\frac {1}{4} \left (2+\sqrt {3}\right )\right )}{2 b^{2/3} d \sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt {-\frac {\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x} \left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )}{\left (\sqrt [3]{b c-a d}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt [3]{b} \sqrt [3]{c+d x}\right )^2}}} \\ \end{align*}

Mathematica [C] (verified)

Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 5 vs. order 4 in optimal.

Time = 0.02 (sec) , antiderivative size = 71, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.09 \[ \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt [6]{c+d x}} \, dx=\frac {2 \sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt [6]{\frac {b (c+d x)}{b c-a d}} \operatorname {Hypergeometric2F1}\left (\frac {1}{6},\frac {1}{2},\frac {3}{2},\frac {d (a+b x)}{-b c+a d}\right )}{b \sqrt [6]{c+d x}} \]

[In]

Integrate[1/(Sqrt[a + b*x]*(c + d*x)^(1/6)),x]

[Out]

(2*Sqrt[a + b*x]*((b*(c + d*x))/(b*c - a*d))^(1/6)*Hypergeometric2F1[1/6, 1/2, 3/2, (d*(a + b*x))/(-(b*c) + a*
d)])/(b*(c + d*x)^(1/6))

Maple [F]

\[\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {b x +a}\, \left (d x +c \right )^{\frac {1}{6}}}d x\]

[In]

int(1/(b*x+a)^(1/2)/(d*x+c)^(1/6),x)

[Out]

int(1/(b*x+a)^(1/2)/(d*x+c)^(1/6),x)

Fricas [F]

\[ \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt [6]{c+d x}} \, dx=\int { \frac {1}{\sqrt {b x + a} {\left (d x + c\right )}^{\frac {1}{6}}} \,d x } \]

[In]

integrate(1/(b*x+a)^(1/2)/(d*x+c)^(1/6),x, algorithm="fricas")

[Out]

integral(sqrt(b*x + a)*(d*x + c)^(5/6)/(b*d*x^2 + a*c + (b*c + a*d)*x), x)

Sympy [F]

\[ \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt [6]{c+d x}} \, dx=\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a + b x} \sqrt [6]{c + d x}}\, dx \]

[In]

integrate(1/(b*x+a)**(1/2)/(d*x+c)**(1/6),x)

[Out]

Integral(1/(sqrt(a + b*x)*(c + d*x)**(1/6)), x)

Maxima [F]

\[ \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt [6]{c+d x}} \, dx=\int { \frac {1}{\sqrt {b x + a} {\left (d x + c\right )}^{\frac {1}{6}}} \,d x } \]

[In]

integrate(1/(b*x+a)^(1/2)/(d*x+c)^(1/6),x, algorithm="maxima")

[Out]

integrate(1/(sqrt(b*x + a)*(d*x + c)^(1/6)), x)

Giac [F]

\[ \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt [6]{c+d x}} \, dx=\int { \frac {1}{\sqrt {b x + a} {\left (d x + c\right )}^{\frac {1}{6}}} \,d x } \]

[In]

integrate(1/(b*x+a)^(1/2)/(d*x+c)^(1/6),x, algorithm="giac")

[Out]

integrate(1/(sqrt(b*x + a)*(d*x + c)^(1/6)), x)

Mupad [F(-1)]

Timed out. \[ \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a+b x} \sqrt [6]{c+d x}} \, dx=\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a+b\,x}\,{\left (c+d\,x\right )}^{1/6}} \,d x \]

[In]

int(1/((a + b*x)^(1/2)*(c + d*x)^(1/6)),x)

[Out]

int(1/((a + b*x)^(1/2)*(c + d*x)^(1/6)), x)